期刊名称 clinical science
期刊缩写 CLIN SCI
学科分类 医学、生命科学
出版周期 月刊
审稿速度 4-8周
投稿命中率 不详
期刊主页 http://www.clinsci.org/cs/default.htm
ISSN 号 (printed): 0143-5221 (electronic): 1470-8736
IF 趋势 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
2.641 3.263 3.9 4.187 3.982 4.613 4.317 4.859
被收录情况 1. Science Citation Index
2. Science Citation Index Expanded
3. Current Contents - Life Sciences
4. BIOSIS Previews
PubSci评语 五年期IF：4.843。偏临床。国内投稿的人很少。印刷出版的彩图收费。提供Open Access发表方式。建议尝试。
期刊简介 Clinical Science是一个介于临床研究和发现科学间的多学科期刊，主要发表关于人类健康和疾病方面的生物学领域的临床前和以临床为基础的研究。收录广泛的生物医学领域，包括但不限于心血管系统、脑血管系统、胃肠道和肝脏、遗传学和功能基因组学、感染与免疫、炎症和肿瘤、代谢、内分泌和营养、肾脏和血液循环、呼吸系统和血管生物学等。
投稿注意事项 特别提醒：经编辑认可有意义的首张彩图免费，其后每张300英镑。Open Access方式发表论文需要额外缴费，作者所在单位对该刊有过网上捐赠的缴费标准为1500英镑或3000美元或2200欧元，若无捐赠记录的，缴费标准为1750英镑或3500美元或2590欧元。
一般注意事项：
1 POLICY OF THE JOURNAL
1.1 Scope
Clinical Science is an international Journal publishing research in the field of translational science and medicine, defined as the whole range of biochemical, physiological, immunological and other approaches that may have relevance to disease in man, particularly that which explores integrative biology of systems and pathways and the translation of molecular mechanisms to clinical applications.
Its international Editorial Board is charged with selecting original papers of high scientific merit covering the broad spectrum of biomedical specialities including, although not exclusively, the cardiovascular system, cerebrovascular system, gastrointestinal tract and liver, genetics and functional genomics, infection and immunity, inflammation and oncology, metabolism, endocrinology and nutrition, nephrology and circulation, respiratory system and vascular biology.
The journal publishes six types of manuscript, namely invited Reviews, Hypotheses, Full Papers, Accelerated Publications (concise high-quality papers), Correspondence and invited Commentaries.
1.2 Clinical Science Online
(http://www.clinsci.org)
Access to the previous 12 months' content in Clinical Science is restricted to current subscribers. To ensure that you have access, ask your subscribing librarian to contact sales@portland-services.com. An electronic back archive from 1999 is freely available to all users. The archival content from 1970-1998 is available via a subscription top up fee or by outright purchase.
(a) Immediate Publications
PDFs of manuscripts are mounted on the Journal's website as Clinical Science Immediate Publications as soon as they are accepted, unless on submission the author has requested that this not be done. Clinical Science Immediate Publications are listed in and accessible through Medline.
(b) Medline links and inter-journal linking
Clinical Science Online provides links to Medline citations, to related papers in Medline, to Medline citations for downloading to citation management software, and from references to relevant abstracts in other online journals.
(c) Multimedia adjuncts
Clinical Science Online offers authors the opportunity to enhance their papers with multimedia adjuncts (e.g. time-lapse movies, three-dimensional structures). These will be submitted to peer review alongside the manuscript. To submit a paper with a multimedia adjunct, attach the file when you submit your manuscript online. Preferred formats are QuickTime for time-lapse movies and PDB for structures. There is no extra charge associated with the publication of a multimedia adjunct online.
1.3 The editorial process
A submitted paper is considered by an appropriate Editor together with (usually) one Referee from the Editorial Advisory Panel. The Editor returns it with a recommendation to the Associate Editor, who then writes formally to the authors. The ultimate responsibility of acceptance for publication lies with the Editor-in-Chief.
Authors may suggest potential reviewers for their paper in the letter of submission, but the journal will usually regard such suggestions as a guide only and is under no obligation to follow them. Authors may also specify the names of those they wish to be excluded from the review process for a particular paper; in such cases their wishes are usually respected, unless, of course, in the opinion of the journal such a request unreasonably excludes all of the expertise available to it in that scientific area.
It is accepted that the reviewers may from time to time come to decisions that are not easily accepted by authors. This may be because of a conflict of opinion or, for example, and as frequently happens, because the authors' point is felt by the reviewers to be obscured by the presentation. The journal is always willing to hear from authors and to consider their views sympathetically. Appeals against decisions will always be considered by the Editorial Board. In rare cases, and if the reviewers and the Editor-in-Chief agree, the usual anonymity of the reviewers may be set aside to allow discussion between all parties concerned. In all cases the decision of the Editor-in-Chief will be final.
1.4 Ethics
(a) Human experimentation
Authors must state in the text of their paper that the research has been carried out in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (2008) of the World Medical Association, and has been approved by the Ethics Committee of the institution in which the work was performed. Consent must be obtained from each patient or subject after full explanation of the purpose, nature and risk of all procedures used, and the fact that such consent has been given should be recorded in the paper.
(b) Animal experimentation
Care must always be taken to ensure that experimental animals do not suffer unnecessarily. Authors must state in the text the anaesthetic procedures used in full, and all precautions they took to ensure that the animals did not suffer unduly during and after the experimental procedure. Authors must confirm that the work was undertaken as required by the appropriate institutional and national animal care committees, or, in the absence of such legislation, that the experimental procedures were carried out in accordance with the United States NIH guidelines [Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (1985), DHEW Publication no. (NIH) 85–23: Office of Science and Health Reports, DRR/NIH, Bethesda, MD, U.S.A.].
(c) Scientific publication
Clinical Science is a member of COPE (Committee on Publication Ethics) and endorses its guidelines, which are available at http://www.publicationethics.org/. Complaints against the Journal must be submitted in writing to the Editor-in-Chief; if a complaint is not resolved to the satisfaction of the complainant they have the option of referring the matter to COPE.
Notwithstanding, the Editorial Board will not accept papers where the ethical aspects are, in the Board's opinion, open to doubt.
Clinical Science will not tolerate plagiarism in submitted manuscripts. Passages quoted or closely paraphrased from other authors (or from the submitting author's own published work) must be identified as quotations or paraphrases, and the sources of the quoted or paraphrased material must be acknowledged. Use of unacknowledged sources will be construed as plagiarism. If any manuscript is found to contain plagiarized material the review process will be halted immediately
Clinical Science will always investigate fully any matters of apparent misconduct that it becomes aware of.
Clinical Science follows the guidelines published by COPE in respect of the retraction of articles.
1.5 Originality of papers
Submission of a paper to Clinical Science implies that it has been approved by all the named authors, that all persons entitled to authorship have been so named, that it reports unpublished work that is not under consideration for publication elsewhere in any language, that proper reference is made to the preceding literature, and that if the paper is accepted for publication the authors will grant the Biochemical Society an exclusive licence to publish the paper (see 2.13 Copyright policy). The restriction on previous publication does not usually apply to previous publication of oral communications in brief abstract form or as preprints. In such cases authors should a copy of the abstracts of previous publications or provide the URL of the preprint server. However, the restriction does apply to complete papers published on the Web.
Clinical Science endorses the Vancouver Guidelines on authorship as defined in the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors' (ICMJE) Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journalshttp://www.icmje.org/#author, namely that entitlement to authorship should be based on all of the following criteria: (1) substantial contributions to conception and design, or acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data; (2) drafting the article or revising it for important intellectual content;(3) final approval of the version to be published. Acquisition of funding, collection of data, or general supervision of the research group, alone, does not justify authorship. All contributors who do not meet the criteria for authorship should be listed in the Acknowledgments
1.6 Declaration of financial interests
Authors are strongly encouraged to disclose all relevant competing interests and sources of research funding that could be perceived to compromise the integrity of their article published in Clinical Science.
2 ONLINE SUBMISSION OF PAPERS: GENERAL INFORMATION AND FORMAT
2.1 Online submission of papers
Papers should be submitted online at http://sirius.portlandpress.com/submit/cs/, where full instructions are available.
Submission checklist:
Covering letter including the names, addresses and email addresses of four possible referees (two of whom should be from the editorial board; see the list on the Journal web page: http://www.clinsci.org/).
Summary statement for publication: this should highlight the key finding of your study. The statement should not exceed 40 words and should be written for a broad audience without the use of abbreviations and acronyms that are not widely known.
Master electronic copy of typescript, as a one-line-spaced PDF (or separate files of text and illustrations):
complete text in appropriate style, pages numbered
full names and addresses of authors
full name, address, telephone and fax numbers and email address of corresponding author (all correspondence and proofs will be sent to this author)
figures
Related papers in press or under editorial consideration
Evidence of approval of personal communications
Evidence of submission of nucleic acid or protein sequences to an appropriate data bank.
2.2 Addresses and general information
(a) Correspondence about papers from the USA, Canada, Mexico and Central and South America should be sent to:
Dr Sharon Schendel, Administrative Editor, Clinical Science US Office, The Sanford-Burnham Institute for Medical Research, 10901 N Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, U.S.A., telephone: +1 (858) 795 5283; fax: +1 (858) 795 5284; email: editorial@clinsciusa.org.
(b) Correspondence about papers from all other countries, proofs, offprints and requests for permission to reproduce material should be addressed to:
Dr James Mockridge, Executive Editor, Clinical Science, Third floor, Charles Darwin House, 12 Roger Street, London WC1N 2JU, U.K., telephone: (U.K.) 020 7685 2410; (from overseas) +44 20 7685 2410; fax: (U.K.) 020 7685 2469; (from overseas) +44 20 7685 2469; email: editorial@portlandpress.com.
Papers should be presented so that they are intelligible to the non-specialist reader of the journal. This is particularly important in highly specialized fields, and a very brief résumé of the current state of knowledge is usually helpful. Certain types of material, e.g. mathematical formulations requiring more than trivial derivations, should be given in a separate Appendix.
The Editorial Board reserves the right to reject papers that cannot adequately be assessed because of a poor standard of English.
Where the reader is referred to previous works by the same author(s) for important details relevant to the present work, three copies or reprints of the publication (including papers on the WWW) should be submitted alongside the manuscript. This is of particular importance in relation to methodology.
The dates of receipt and acceptance of the paper will be published. If the paper has to be returned to the authors for revision and is not resubmitted within 3 months, the date of receipt will be revised accordingly and the revised paper may be treated as a new submission. It is emphasized that badly presented or unduly long papers will be returned for revision and delays in publication will be inevitable. Similar delays will be incurred if the typescript is not prepared strictly in accordance with the instructions detailed below.
2.3 Accepted papers
On acceptance, authors will be requested to supply a Word file of the final version of their paper to the Editorial Office. Authors must ensure that the file has been updated to incorporate all revisions, and hence that the file matches the final version of the manuscript seen by the reviewers. Our preferred word-processing format is Microsoft Word for Windows version 6.0.
(a) Tables
Tables should be prepared using the Microsoft Word table editor
(b) Figures
No artwork should be incorporated into the text files. Figures should be supplied as electronic files. Full instructions will be provided on acceptance and guidance notes for the preparation of figures are available here.
(c) Mathematics
In-line equations should be typed as text. Displayed equations (unless prepared by the 'MathType Equation Editor') are re-keyed by our typesetter.
2.4 Full Papers
These may be of any length that is justified by their content. Authors should, however, note that, because of pressure for space in the journal, no paper, whatever its scientific merits, will be accepted if it exceeds the minimum length required for precision in describing the experiments and clarity in interpreting them. As a guide, most papers published in the journal are of between six and eight printed pages. A concise well-written paper tends to be published more rapidly. Extensive sets of data can be made available online (see 2.9).
The authors should refer to a current issue of Clinical Science to make themselves familiar with the general layout. Manuscripts should, in general, be arranged as follows:
(a) Title page
Title: this should be short, snappy and as informative as possible, since titles of papers are used in indexing and coding for information storage and retrieval. The title should indicate the species in which the observations reported have been made. It should not contain any abbreviations. The numbering of parts in a series of papers is not permitted.
List of authors' names (degrees and appointments are not required).
Laboratory or Institute of origin, with full postal address.
Key words: for indexing the subject of the paper. Supply up to six key words of which at least three do not appear in the title of the paper; they should, if possible, be selected from the current issues of 'Medical Subject Headings' (MeSH) produced by the Index Medicus.
Short title: for use as a running heading in the printed text; it should not exceed 45 characters and spaces and should not contain any abbreviations.
Author for correspondence: the name, address and email address of the author to whom queries and requests for offprints should be sent.
(b) Abstract
This should be a brief statement of what was done, what was found and what was concluded, and should rarely exceed 250 words. Abbreviations should be avoided as far as possible and must be defined.
(c) Introduction
This should be comprehensible to the general reader and should contain a clear statement of the reason for doing the work, but should not include either the findings or the conclusions.
(d) Methods
The aim should be to give sufficient information in the text or by reference to permit the work to be repeated without the need to communicate with the author.
(e) Results
This section should not include material appropriate to the Discussion section.
(f) Discussion
This should not contain results and should be pertinent to the data presented.
(g) Clinical Perspectives
A short outline highlighting the clinical significance of the paper within approximately 100-150 words (about three sentences) should be provided. This section should (i) provide some background as to why the study was undertaken, (ii) provide a brief summary of the results and then (iii) indicate the potential significance of the results to human health and disease.
(h) Author contribution
The contribution of each author to the study should be provided.
(i) Acknowledgments
These should be as brief as possible and include any declaration of interest.
(j) Funding
This information should be provided in the form of a sentence with the funding agency written out in full followed by the grant number in square brackets.
(k) References
See 3.18 for the correct format.
(l) Figures and Tables
See 3.10.
(m) Summary statement
This should highlight the key finding of your study. The statement should not exceed 40 words and should be written for a broad audience without the use of abbreviations and acronyms that are not widely known.
2.5 Accelerated Publications
The passage of these papers through the editorial process will be expedited and contributors are encouraged to take advantage of this facility when data are novel and exciting, when rapid publication is of importance and when material can be presented concisely. Authors must include in their letter of submission a brief statement explaining the novelty of their work. Accelerated Publications should describe completed work and should not be merely a preliminary communication.
Accelerated Publications should be similar in format to full papers, except that they must occupy not normally more than four printed pages. This is about 3000 words, with appropriate deductions (at the rate of 1000 words/page) for Figures and Tables.
To achieve rapid publication, authors of accepted Accelerated Publications will not be sent proofs. Rejection of a paper submitted as an Accelerated Publication does not preclude its re-submission as a full paper for publication in Clinical Science, in which event the paper would be reviewed and reports provided with the editorial decision in the normal way.
One colour Figure will be published free of charge in Accelerated Publications (a saving of £550) provided that it is deemed by the Editor to be necessary to illustrate a scientific point; subsequent Figures in the same paper will cost £300 each.
2.6 Correspondence
Letters containing critical assessments of material published in Clinical Science, including Reviews and Hypotheses, will be considered for the Correspondence section of the journal. All Letters received are subjected to the journal's peer-review procedure. Letters should be no longer than 750 words, with one Figure or Table and up to six references, or 1000 words maximum without a Figure or Table. Letters relating to material previously published in Clinical Science should be submitted within 6 months of the appearance of the article concerned. They will be sent to the authors for comment and both the letter and any reply by the author will be published together. Further correspondence arising therefrom will also be considered for publication. Consideration will also be given to publication of letters on ethical matters.
2.7 Reviews
These are normally commissioned. However, unsolicited reviews will be considered. Prospective authors should first submit a synopsis of their proposed review rather than the full typescript.
2.8 Hypotheses
Hypothesis articles are short manuscripts that present an original hypothesis. The article should set out a clearly identified hypothesis and be supported by appropriate references. The article should propose what experimental work might test the hypothesis, but should not contain new data. A conclusion should be provided focusing on translational medicine through to clinical practice.
The length should be up to a maximum of 2500 words and contain no more than 50 references. A short abstract of up to 250 words should be included that provides an overview of the hypothesis to be presented and its implications. Authors are strongly encouraged to include a number of figures or diagrams to improve the visual impact.
Hypothesis articles are normally commissioned. However, unsolicited reviews will be considered in which case prospective authors should first submit a synopsis of their proposed hypothesis to the Editorial Office rather than the full typescript.
2.9 Commentaries
These are normally commissioned by the Editorial Board.
2.10 Online data sets
It is impractical to publish very large sets of individual values or very large numbers of diagrams, and under these circumstances a summary of the information only should be included in the paper. The information from which the summary was derived should be submitted with the typescript and, if the latter is accepted, the Editor may ask for a copy of the full information and diagrams to be made available as an online data set.
2.11 Proof corrections
These are expensive and corrections of other than printers' errors may have to be charged to the author.
2.12 Offprints
Offprints may be obtained at terms, based upon the cost of production, that will be given with the proofs. All offprints should be ordered when the proofs are returned (except for Accelerated Publications, where they should be ordered when the subedited typescript is returned).
2.13 Availability on Medline and from Adonis
Summaries of papers in Clinical Science are available on the Medline system run by the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, U.S.A.
Full text with illustrations of individual papers can be obtained from Adonis B.V., PO Box 993, 1000AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands, telephone: +31 20 485 3870, fax: +31 20 485 3871, email: info@adonis.nl
2.14 Copyright policy
Clinical Science is published by Portland Press Ltd on behalf of the Biochemical Society, the sole owner of the journal. In order allow your article to be distributed as widely as possible in the Journal we ask that you grant Portland Press Ltd and the Biochemical Society an exclusive licence to publish your article if it is accepted for publication. There are also a number of other reasons for this: (i) you authorize Portland Press to act to defend your copyright, although we are under no obligation to act in this way; (ii) it will enable us to deal efficiently with requests from third parties to reproduce or reprint the article, or part of it.
Ownership of copyright remains with you as the author (or with your employer if they own the copyright in the work) and you retain non-exclusive rights to do the following (provided that the Journal is acknowledged in standard bibliographic citation form):
use your article as long as it is not sold or given away in ways which would conflict directly with the commercial business interests of Portland Press Ltd
reproduce your article in whole or in part in any printed work of which you are the author
use your article for teaching purposes within your institution, including use in course packs
post an electronic version (Word or PDF) of the Accepted Manuscript (AM) of your article on your website or institutional repository 6 months after the printed Journal is in the public domain, provided you give a hyperlink from the article to the Journal's website together with the following text: "The Version of Record (VoR) is available at http://www.clinsci.org"
You need not seek permission from Portland Press Ltd and the Biochemical Society to apply the above rights.
Please note: you are NOT permitted to post the Portland Press Ltd version of your article (the Version of Record, VoR) online. For definitions of journal article versions, see the Recommended Practice of the National Information Standards Organization in Partnership with the Association of Learned and Professional Society Publishers.
Full details will be provided on the Licence to Publish that you will be asked to sign after you submit your article.
2.15 Open access option - Opt2Pay
On acceptance authors may choose to pay a fee to make the Version of Record (VoR) of their paper freely available under the Creative Commons Attribution Licence (CC-BY). Portland Press will post all pre-paid articles on PubMed Central (PMC) on receipt of payment as a service to authors and permit their inclusion on PMC mirror sites. The Opt2Pay scheme allows authors to post the PDF version of the Version of Record (VoR), for non-commercial purposes, on their own or institutional website or to free public servers in the relevant subject area, in whole or in part according to the terms of the licence, provided they include a link to the published article on the Journal's website and that the Journal, the Biochemical Society and Portland Press are given the correct attributions. For more information, see Opt2Pay FAQs.
2.16 Portland Press books
Authors, Editors and all contributors to Portland Press journals may order books published by Portland Press, for their personal use, at 25% discount. A complete list of books can be found at http://www.portlandpress.com
3 MISCELLANEOUS NOTES
3.1 Abbreviations
Abbreviations should be kept to a minimum compatible with clarity and conciseness; if used they must be defined at the first mention. Numbers, not initials, should be used for patients and subjects.
3.2 Anatomical nomenclature
This should follow the recommendations of the International Anatomical Nomenclature Committee [Nomina Anatomica (1966) 3rd edn, Excerpta Medica Foundation].
3.3 Animals, plants and micro-organisms
The full binomial specific names should be given at first mention for all experimental animals other than common laboratory animals. The strain and, if possible, the source of laboratory animals should be stated. Thereafter in the text, single letter abbreviations may be given for the genus; if two genera with the same initial letter are studied, abbreviations such as Staph. and Strep. should be used.
3.4 Array data
Clinical Science recommends that authors adhere to the MIAME guidelines for the submission of gene chip array data (seehttp://www.mged.org/Workgroups/MIAME/miame.html).
3.5 Biochemical nomenclature
As far as possible authors should follow the recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee of IUBMB and IUPAC–IUBMB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature [see Biochemical Nomenclature and Related Documents (1992) 2nd edn., Portland Press, London]; for corrections see Eur. J. Biochem. (1993) 213, 1–3. Further details are given athttp://www.BiochemJ.org
3.6 Buffers and salts
The acidic and basic components should be given, together with the pH. Alternatively, a reference to the composition of the buffer should be given. Further details are provided at http://www.BiochemJ.org
When describing solutions containing organic anions and their parent acids, the salt designator (e.g. lactate, urate, oxalate) should be used in preference to the name of the acid (lactic, uric, oxalic) unless it is certain that virtually all of the acid is in the undissociated form.
The composition of incubation media should be described, or a reference to the composition should be given.
3.7 Computer modelling
Papers concerned primarily with computer modelling techniques are acceptable provided that use of such techniques leads to a clear choice between two or more alternative hypotheses, or to the formulation of a new hypothesis amenable to experimental challenge or verification, or provides some new insight into the behaviour of a particular physiological system. Extensive technical details of hardware and software should not be given.
3.8 Doses
Doses of drugs should be expressed in mass terms, e.g. milligrams (mg) or grams (g), and also (in parentheses) in molar terms, e.g. mmol, mol, where this appears to be relevant. Molecular masses of many drugs may be found in The Merck Index (1996) 12th edn., Merck & Co. Inc., Whitehouse Station, NJ.
3.9 Enzymes
Nomenclature should follow that given in Enzyme Nomenclature ( 1992, Academic Press, San Diego); for corrections and additions see Eur. J. Biochem. (1994) 223, 1–5 and Eur. J. Biochem. (1995) 232, 1–6. The Enzyme Commission (EC) number should be quoted at the first mention. Where an enzyme has a commonly used informal name, this may be employed after the first formal identification. A unit of enzyme activity can be expressed as that amount of material which will catalyse transformation of 1μmol of the substrate/s under defined conditions, including temperature and pH. This gives the unit of the amount of enzyme named the katal (symbol kat). Alternatively, or when the natural substrate has not been fully defined, activity should be expressed in terms of units of activity relative to that of a recognized reference preparation, assayed under identical conditions. Activities of enzymes should normally be expressed as units/ml or units/mg of protein.
3.10 Evaluation of measurement procedures
When a new measuring procedure has been used, or when an established procedure has been applied in a novel fashion, an estimate of the precision of the procedure should be given. This should, as far as possible, indicate what sources of variation have been included in this estimate, e.g. variation of immediate replication, variation within different times of day, or from day to day, etc.
If the precision of measurement varies in proportion to the magnitude of the values obtained, it can best be expressed as the coefficient of variation; otherwise it should be expressed by an estimate of the (constant) standard error of a single observation, or by estimates of several points within the range of observed values.
When recovery experiments are described, the approximate ratio of the amount added to the amount already present and the stage of the procedure at which the addition was made should be stated.
For methods or assays crucial to the understanding of the paper, information should normally be provided on the validity, accuracy and precision of those methods.
3.11 Figures and Tables
Their number should be kept to a minimum. References to Figures and Tables should be in arabic numerals, e.g. Figure 3, and they should be numbered in order of appearance. In general, the same data should not be presented in both a Figure and a Table.
Figures
Figures are not routinely relettered. Authors should ensure that nomenclature, abbreviations, etc. used in lettering of Figures correspond to those used in the text. Separate panels within Figures should be clearly marked (a), (b), (c), etc. so that they can be referred to easily in the legend and text. Acceptable symbols for experimental points are , , , , , . The symbols × or + should be avoided. Symbols should not be generated by using tints or a graphics program. The same symbols must not be used for two curves where the points might be confused. For scatter diagrams, solid symbols are preferred. When a particular variable appears in more than one Figure, the same symbol should be used for it throughout, if possible.
Curves should not be drawn beyond the experimental points, nor should axes extend appreciably beyond the data. Only essential information that cannot readily be included in the legend should be written within the Figure.
The use of tints should be avoided; however, if tints are necessary, please ensure that a dot fill of 100 lines per inch or lower is used. Columns in histograms should be differentiated by the use of simple hatching etc.
For half-tone figures where the magnification is to be indicated (e.g. on electron micrographs), this should be done by adding a bar representing a stated length.
Colour figures are accepted when, in the opinion of the Editorial Board, they are essential to illustrate a particular scientific point. Authors will normally be required to pay the full cost of colour separation and printing (at 2012 prices, approximately £550 for the first Figure and £300 for each subsequent Figure in the same paper). VAT is payable by authors in the European Union.
Captions for the Figures should make them readily understandable without reference to the text. Adequate statistical information, including that on regression lines, should be included in Figure legends where appropriate.
Care is needed when using powers in Figure to avoid numbers with too many digits (see 3.17).
Tables
Tables should be typed separately from the text. They should have a title followed by any legend. Parameters being measured, with units if appropriate, should be clearly indicated in the column headings.
Titles and legends for the Tables, should make them readily understandable without reference to the text.
Care is needed when using powers in Table headings to avoid numbers with too many digits (see 3.17).
Image acquisition and manipulation
Images will be checked for manipulation when a paper is accepted. The Editorial Board may request that authors supply the original data for comparison against the prepared figures. If authors are unable to comply with such a request, the acceptance of the paper may be withdrawn.
Clinical Science endorses the guidelines given in the Instructions for Authors of the Journal of Cell Biology, from where the following is adapted by kind permission of Rockefeller University Press:
The following information must be provided about the acquisition and processing of images:
Make and model of microscope
Type, magnification, and numerical aperture of the objective lenses
Temperature
Imaging medium
Fluorochromes
Camera make and model
Acquisition software
Any subsequent software used for image processing, with details about types of operations involved (e.g. type of deconvolution, 3D reconstructions, surface or volume rendering, gamma adjustments, etc.).
No specific feature within an image may be enhanced, obscured, moved, removed or introduced. The grouping of images from different parts of the same gel, or from different gels, fields or exposures must be made explicit by the arrangement of the figure (i.e. using dividing lines) and in the text of the figure legend. Adjustments of brightness, contrast or colour balance are acceptable if they are applied to the whole image and as long as they do not obscure, eliminate or misrepresent any information present in the original, including backgrounds.The background of figures should be clearly distinct from the surrounding page. Non-linear adjustments (e.g. changes to gamma settings) must be disclosed in the figure legend.
Authors are encouraged to read the papers by M. Rossner and K. M. Yamada (2004) J. Cell Biol. 166, 11-15http://www.jcb.org/cgi/content/full/166/1/11 and A. J. North (2006) J.Cell Biol. 172, 9-18http://www.jcb.org/cgi/content/full/172/1/9
3.12 Footnotes
These should be avoided as far as possible, but where they are used in Tables they should be identified by the symbols * † ‡ § || ¶, in that order.
3.13 Gene nomenclature
Clinical Science encourages authors to use the symbols and nomenclature recommended by the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee which is responsible for approving and implementing unique human gene symbols and names, and works closely with the Mouse Genome Database and other organism databases. Considerable efforts are made to approve symbols acceptable to workers in the field, but sometimes it is not possible to use exactly what has previously appeared in the literature. In such cases the previously used symbols are listed as aliases for the approved nomenclature in the Human Genome Nomenclature Database and Entrez Gene to allow retrieval of all the information available for each gene.
3.14 'Homology'
The term 'homologous' has a precise meaning in biology of 'having a common evolutionary origin', but it has often been used in work on protein and nucleic acid sequences to mean simply 'similar'. A group of experts has urged that the interests of clarity are best served by restricting use to the more precise definition [Reeck, G.R. et al. (1987) Cell 50, 667; Lewin, R. (1987) Science 237, 1570]. Clinical Science agrees with these arguments and seeks to preserve the distinction between 'homologous' and 'similar' in its pages.
3.15 Isotope measurements
Where possible, radioactivity should be expressed in absolute terms; the SI unit for radioactivity is the becquerel (Bq), defined as 1 disintegration/s, but the Curie (Ci; 1 Ci=3.7×1010 Bq) may also be used. Alternatively, radioactivity may be expressed as disintegrations (or counts) per unit of time, e.g. disintegrations/s (d.p.s.) or counts/min (c.p.m.).
3.16 Radionuclide applications in humans
If new or modified radionuclide applications in humans are described, an estimate of the maximal possible radiation dose to the body and critical organs should be given.
For the time being this can continue to be expressed in rems, but with the corresponding value in sieverts (Sv) given in parentheses after it.
3.17 Methods
In describing certain techniques, namely centrifugation (when the conditions are critical), chromatography and electrophoresis, authors should follow the recommendations published by the Biochemical Society (seehttp://www.BiochemJ.org).
3.18 Nomenclature of disease
This should follow the International Classification of Disease (1997, 9th revision. World Health Organization, Geneva) as far as possible. The correct abbreviation for insulin-dependent diabetes is Type I diabetes (not IDDM), and for non-insulin-dependent diabetes is Type II diabetes (not NIDDM).
3.19 Powers in Tables and Figures
Care is needed where powers are used in Table headings and in Figures to avoid numbers with an inconvenient number of digits. For example: (i) an entry '2' under the heading 103 k means that the value of k is 0.002; an entry '2' under the heading 10-3 k means that the value of k is 2000. (ii) A concentration 0.00015 mol/l may be expressed as 0.15 under the heading 'concn. (mmol/l)' or as 150 under heading 'concn. (μmol/l)' or as 15 under the heading '105 × concn. (mol/l)', but not as 15 under the heading 'concn. (mol/l × 10-5)'.
3.20 References
The number of references should not normally exceed 50, and 20–30 references are frequently adequate.
The Numbering System must be used. References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets, e.g. '[1]', '[2–6]', '[4,5,7–10]'', etc. At the end of the paper references should be listed in numerical order, in the style shown in the following examples, preceded by the number. Thus:
1 Perlstein, T.S., Henry, R.R, Mather, K.J., Rickels, M.R., Abate, N.I., Grundy, S.M. , Mai, Y., Albu, J.B., Marks, J.B., Pool, J.L. and Creager, M.A. (2012) Effect of angiotensin receptor blockade on insulin sensitivity and endothelial function in abdominally obese hypertensive patients with impaired fasting glucose. Clin. Sci. 122, 193-202
names and initials of all authors, the paper or chapter title, and first and last page numbers, should be provided for all references. Titles of journals should be abbreviated in accordance with the Chemical Abstracts Service Source Index (2004) and subsequent Quarterly Supplements (American Chemical Society; http://www.cas.org/).
When the quotation is from a book, the following format should be used, giving the relevant pages or chapter number:
2 Cornish-Bowden, A. (2004) Fundamentals of Enzyme Kinetics, 3rd edn, Portland Press Ltd, London
3 Warnholtz, A., Wendt, M., August, M. and Münzel, T. (2004) Clinical aspects of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. In Free Radicals: Enzymology, Signalling and Disease (Cooper, C., Wilson, M.
